

Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) refers to a condition when the venous wall and/or valves in the lower extremities do not work properly, making it more difficult for blood to return to the heart from the legs. CVI is caused by damaged or weakened valves and vein wall due to aging and prolonged sitting or standing as well as reduced mobility. As a result, blood can flow backwards and pool or collect in these veins, leading to swelling in the lower legs and ankles.

For patients with cancer, the immune system tends to be lower than average. If infected with COVID-19, they are at a higher risk of developing severe symptoms, and their bodies are less capable of fighting off the COVID-19 virus. Therefore, it is highly important that all cancer patients receive the COVID-19 vaccination as soon as possible to reduce the potential risk of death that could occur.

Pinguecula and pterygium are the common degenerations of the conjunctiva. A pinguecula is characterized by a yellowish raised growth on the conjunctiva typically at the nasal or temporal conjunctiva near the edge of cornea. Pterygium is the triangular shape of vascularized conjunctival tissue on the cornea and it invades the cornea (known as fibrovascular invasion of the cornea). Pterygium may start as a pinguecula that can remain small or grow large enough to cover some parts of the cornea. The body of a pterygium usually appears red with noticeable blood vessels. Redness depends on the growth of abnormal blood vessels. If it is left untreated, pterygium sometimes advances towards the center of the eye, affecting vision. They are not tumor. Generally, pinguecula and pterygium form in the corner of the eye near the nose. However, they may develop in the temporal of the eye and often both eyes are involved.

Vascular access problems can usually develop in patients who need frequent administration of intravenous fluids or drugs and blood transfusion.



The lymph nodes under the arm, called the axillary lymph nodes drain the lymphatic vessels from the upper arms, most of the breast, chest, neck and underarm area.

Due to recent reports associated with some short and long term adverse reactions caused by COVID-19 vaccines, a large number of people have indicated their vaccination hesitancy to delay in acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines despite availability of vaccine services.