
Coronaviruses are defined as a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases.

In Thailand, particularly in Bangkok and metropolitan region, a massive cloud of ultra-fine dust particles known as PM2.5 has recently returned. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the concentration of PM2.5 pollutants should not exceed the safe threshold of 10-25 µg/m³.

Excessive cholesterol can develop fatty deposits in blood vessels, leading to serious health problems such as cardiovascular disease. A healthy diet and lifestyle changes are the best weapons to fight against cardiovascular disease. Making the simple steps for long-term benefits to the heart is highly recommended.

A pneumothorax (collapsed lung) occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air pushes on the outside of the lung and makes the lung collapse.

The statistical data reveals that the average incidence rate of congenital heart defects reported in different studies is 1 up to 8 per 1,000 live births.

An atrial septal defect (ASD) is a hole in the wall between the two upper chambers of the heart (atria). The condition might present in newborns (congenital defects) and adults.

Apart from aortic valve regurgitation and rheumatic heart disease, degenerative valvular heart disease is one of the most common and most serious valve disease problems.

Some types of cholesterol are essential to perform important functions such as producing hormones and building cells.

The coronary arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to the entire heart muscle. And heart muscle has to work consistently to ensure that an adequate blood supply is pumped to the whole body.

Smoking cigarettes can unfavorably affect the body in many ways, particularly raising the risks of serious heart and respiratory diseases.

Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.

“Coronary artery disease” is the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries which is mainly caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, known as hardening of the arteries, is the buildup of cholesterol and fatty deposits called “atherosclerotic plaques” on the inner walls of the arteries. The obstruction of coronary arteries decreases blood flow to the heart. Eventually, the reduced blood flow may cause angina (or chest pain) and shortness of breath. A complete blockage can result in a fatal heart attack.