Anal canal cancer is relatively uncommon; however, its incidence has increased in many countries over the past decade. Recent global epidemiological data demonstrate a clear association between anal cancer and high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly types 16 and 18—the same oncogenic strains responsible for cervical cancer.
According to GLOBOCAN 2022 (IARC/WHO), more than 50,000 new cases are diagnosed worldwide annually. Recent recommendations from the International Anal Neoplasia Society (IANS 2024) and NCCN Guidelines 2024–2025 support targeted screening in high-risk populations to reduce the incidence of advanced disease.
Major Risk Factors
- High-risk HPV infection
- History of HPV-related cancer or precancerous lesions (e.g., cervical cancer)
- HIV infection or immunocompromised status
- Receptive anal intercourse
- Cigarette smoking
Warning Signs That Require Medical Evaluation
- Rectal bleeding
- Palpable mass or abnormal pain
- Chronic itching
- Persistent anal lesions or non-healing ulcers
Screening for Early Detection
Anoscopy and High-Resolution Anoscopy (HRA)
These procedures involve examination of the anal canal using a small instrument to identify precancerous lesions or early-stage cancer. High-Resolution Anoscopy (HRA) is considered the gold standard for screening in high-risk populations.
Anal Pap Smear and HPV-Related Screening
Anal cytology and HPV testing help assess the risk of high-risk HPV infection and the presence of precancerous cellular changes.
Why Undergo Screening?
Clinical research demonstrates that detection and treatment of precancerous lesions significantly reduce progression to invasive cancer.
✔ Earlier detection allows for simpler treatment
✔ Reduces the risk of advanced-stage cancer
✔ Enhances health confidence and safety
Prevention
Robust evidence confirms that HPV vaccination significantly reduces the risk of precancerous lesions and anal cancer. Vaccination is recommended for adolescents and young adults, as well as certain high-risk groups, according to international guidelines.
