Invasive

Cardiac Catheterisation is an invasive procedure, which is used to evaluate the condition of the heart valve and its vessels. It can also be used to determine if there is any stenosis or obstruction of the arteries which supply blood to heart muscles.

Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) (with or without stent) is a technique used to open up the stenotic vessels by placing a "balloon" with or without a stent into the stenotic area of the blood vessels.

 Valvuloplasty is a technique that is used to enlarge the stenotic heart valves, without having to change or repair the valves by an operation.

 Pacemaker Implantation is used to treat a slow heartbeat.

 Automatic Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (AICD) Implantation is used, just like the Pacemaker, for patients who run a risk to get a (fatal) heart attack. The AICD is more advanced than a Pacemaker. The AICD converts the heart's electrical impulse to better-organised beating.

The Radio-frequency Catheter Ablation is used for patients who have had an experienced palpitation (fast heartbeat), caused by an abnormal electrical impulse in the heart.